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Locally, efforts such as destruction of infected plants, isolation of infested areas, and disinfection of vehicles, machinery, and clothing are likely, at best, to slow the rate of spread. There is no effective chemical control for TR4 4 and efforts to contain the disease through inter- or intra-national quarantine have clearly been ineffective as evidenced by the continued spread between continents, countries, and regions. The disease now poses a very significant threat to commercial banana production worldwide and, together with race 1, severely limits the number of banana cultivars suitable for either large scale or smallholder production. Of the banana-producing continents, only the Americas have yet to record TR4.
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It continues to move internationally with recent reports of its spread into Jordan, Pakistan, and Lebanon 4, 5, and it is highly likely that the fungus and the disease will continue to spread particularly in south and south east Asia. Foc TR4 now devastates Cavendish plantations in Indonesia, Malaysia, China, the Philippines, Australia, and Mozambique. In the early 1990s, another form of Foc, tropical race 4 (TR4) was recognized in South East Asia 4, which differed from Foc race 1 in that it infects and kills Cavendish as well as a number of other important race 1-resistant cultivars. The fungus is disseminated in infested soil, infected planting material and water including irrigation water and floods, and can remain in the soil for >40 years 1. Foc invades through the roots before entering the corm and pseudostem where it causes extensive necrosis leading to plant death 3. Despite this, Foc race 1 continues to cause significant disease in a wide range of other locally produced and traded banana cultivars 2. Cavendish now accounts for >40% of world's banana production and completely dominates the banana export market, which amounts to 15% of world production. This epidemic was caused by Foc race 1 and led to the almost complete replacement of Gros Michel with Cavendish, which is resistant to Foc race 1. cubense (Foc), the fungus responsible for Fusarium wilt, caused a major epidemic in commercial banana plantations in South and Central America in the then dominant export cultivar Gros Michel 1. In the first half of last century, it caused one of the most serious plant disease epidemics in history.
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Fusarium wilt or Panama disease is a devastating disease of bananas.